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GlossaryTThe Merge

The Merge

Ethereum’s transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake consensus, completed on September 15, 2022.

What is The Merge?

The Merge was a major upgrade to Ethereum, finalized on September 15, 2022, marking the shift from energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus. It integrated Ethereum’s original execution layer with the Beacon Chain, a PoS-based consensus layer introduced in December 2020. The Merge reduced Ethereum’s energy consumption by ~99.95%, improved scalability potential, and set the stage for future upgrades like sharding. It did not directly lower transaction fees but enabled mechanisms like EIP-1559 to optimize fee dynamics.

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